In a little more than a century, the kitchen, still formally considered the room dedicated to the preparation of food, has come a long way: from obscure and smoky cavern, often in the basement of a mansion, to the front of the house as a status of social success, a technological space to be displayed on social media and where to entertain in grand style.
厨房，这个公认的食物准备间，在过去的一个多世纪中不断发展：从住宅底下昏暗多尘的洞穴，到如今在房子中占有一席之地，厨房已然成为社会地位的象征，是人们在社交媒体上展示厨艺的空间，也是召开盛大聚会的备餐场所。
At the turn of the 20th Century, kitchens were possibly the least interesting rooms in a house. In aristocratic or even bourgeois households, they were never seen by guests or visitors, and seldom visited by the masters of the mansion themselves, if not for giving orders to servants, and common people would find it inappropriate to entertain visitors in their kitchens. It really was considered as a merely functional part of a house, and the farthest it stood from the dining or reception rooms, the better, for no kitchen sounds or smells had to inconvenience the guests.
20世纪之交，厨房可能是家中最无趣的房间。在贵族或资产阶级家庭中，客人从不踏入厨房；主人自己也鲜少进厨房，除非有事要吩咐仆人。人们都认为在厨房中招待客人不太合适。厨房在当时仅仅是房子中的一个功能空间，而且厨房离餐厅或会客室通常很远，因为厨房的声音或气味会影响客人。If this is still the case in some very particular dwellings - Buckingham Palace is one notorious such household - nowadays the kitchen is the centrepiece of our modern homes’ architecture and design, which we proudly show off to the world through social media but also where we spend more intimate, mundane moments with our families, including, yes, consuming our meals.
如今，仅有少数特殊住所仍保留着这种传统，例如众所周知的白金汉宫，而在其他现代家庭中，厨房已成为建筑和设计的核心。人们不仅在社交媒体上自豪地展示厨房，而且还在厨房中与家人共度更多亲密温馨的时光，当然，也会在厨房中享用美食。
DAWN AND DECLINE OF THE KITCHEN TRIANGLE PARADIGM
黄金三角式厨房的兴与衰
Though the industrial revolution had brought electricity and running water, cooking was still a pretty much labour- intensive affair in the early years of the century. By the 1920’s, kitchen fixtures started being mass-produced: “modern” kitchen cabinets, storage units and accessories were absolute must-haves for à la page mansions. The first household appliances also made their appearance, and gas stoves were introduced. Kitchen design took a decisive turn, and was the object of rational theorising.虽然工业革命带来了电和自来水，但在本世纪初，烹饪仍属于一项劳动密集型工作。上世纪20年代，厨房用具开始大规模生产。“现代”厨柜、储物盒和厨具无疑成为了新式住宅的标配。第一批家用电器也应运而生，燃气灶开始进入厨房。厨房设计发生了翻天覆地的变化，并且成为了理论研究的对象。
In 1926, the “Frankfurt Kitchen” by Austrian designer Margarete Shütte Lihotzky was created to enable efficient work in the kitchen, with a low-cost design and a standardised layout. The focus of Lihotzky’s concept was the so called “golden triangle” formed by the sink, the stove and the refrigerator, that was to become the new kitchen design paradigm for generations to come, and is still resisting today.
1926年，奥地利设计师Margarete Shütte Lihotzky的作品“法兰克福厨房”以低成本的设计和标准化的布局，打造出了高效的厨房。Lihotzky的理念强调由水槽、炉灶和冰箱组成的“黄金三角”，成为了影响几代人的厨房设计新范式，并且被沿用至今。While the discovery of new materials and the introduction of ever more sophisticated appliances offered choice, flexibility and freedom to emancipated women, it wasn’t until the 1980’s that a new revolution came about. Open plan layouts disrupted the traditional conception of the Frankfurt Kitchen with the introduction of a central island, and literally brought down the walls around it, making it the pulsing heart of the home. Open plan kitchens have since slowly grown to become, in many societies, the new norm.
随着新材料及日益先进的电器的出现，新时代女性拥有了更多自由选择的空间。然而，直到上世纪80年代，一场新的厨房革命才吹响号角。开放式厨房布局打破了法兰克福厨房的传统概念，引入中岛并去掉四周的墙壁，使中岛成为家庭中心。此后，开放式厨房逐渐兴起，在许多地方成为了新的厨房设计标准。
OPEN PLAN, CONNECTED AND ENVIRONMENT-CONSCIOUS
开放互联与环境意识
Kitchens are the perfect mirror of a society’s evolution, since they serve the lifestyles of individuals. If, over the years, living spaces have gotten smaller, the internal layout of newly built apartment has dramatically changed. Corridors, around which the various rooms of the house were organised, have virtually disappeared, with more living space being freed up. Also, the kitchen relative space inside the average home is increasing, depending on what we actually consider as “kitchen”, for the boundaries are blurred. Cooking space, living room, dining room, reception room, work study: kitchens nowadays are multi-tasking spaces, and stand at the centre of most of our domestic activities. Albeit 13% smaller in overall terms with respect to the 1960s, according to the Kitchen Design and Innovation Trends report 2019 by UK- based Trend Monitor, they now occupy an important spot in our daily lives.
厨房服务于人们的生活方式，是社会变迁的缩影。近年来，生活空间越来越小，新建公寓的内部布局也发生了巨大变化。连接每个房间的走廊几乎消失不见，为日常活动腾出了更多空间。此外，与厨房有关的空间正在增加，当然这要取决于我们对“厨房”的定义，因为其界限很模糊。如今的厨房兼具烹饪、客厅、餐厅、会客室、书房等功能，已成为多任务处理空间，是大多数家庭活动的中心。根据英国公司Trend Monitor发布的《2019年厨房设计与创新趋势报告》，尽管厨房面积较上世纪60年代总体缩小了13%，但厨房在现代生活中占据着重要地位。
They have also become a lot smarter, with the constant appearance of new appliances that make food prep easier and quicker, as well as washing and cleaning. They also help us stay healthy and most of all, they assist us in our daily efforts to preserve our planet, fight food waste and save energy. We can now interact with our kitchens through our smartphones, and access recipes, tips and all kinds of useful info, as well as managing our appliances and ordering supplies. The refrigerator, of all appliances, as our awareness about food lifecycle is growing, has become our domestic food freshness hub.
同时，厨房也变得越来越智能，层出不穷的新电器简化并加快了食物准备和厨具清洁过程。这些电器不仅能呵护身体健康，而且能帮助人们在日常生活中保护地球、减少食物浪费并节约能源。如今，我们可以借助智能手机与厨房互动，不论是获取食谱、技巧和各类有用信息，还是管理电器及订购商品。随着人们对食品生命周期的日益关注，冰箱已成为家用电器中的食物保鲜中心。
TOPS, LIGHT AND NOISE ABATEMENT ARE THE NEW FRONTIER
新的前沿领域：台面、照明与降噪
According to a recent report by Houzz 2022 focusing on American kitchen trends, countertops are the latest craze for homeowners renovating their kitchens, and the most common feature improved with a smashing 91%. In the past year, one third of the renovations included the upgrading of major appliances, with wireless and smartphone controls being the most sought after features. And since kitchens are growing in size in terms of floor space, islands kept trending, especially since for one in five households having one, work or study have become the main activities performed there. For that same reason, 94% of renovations of kitchens having one included new lighting fixtures above the islands.
Houzz于2022年发布的最新《美国厨房趋势报告》称，料理台已成为厨房装修的新重点，91%的功能改进与料理台有关。在过去一年中，三分之一的厨房翻修涉及主要电器的升级，其中无线和智能手机控制是最受欢迎的功能。由于厨房面积越来越大，中岛热度不减，每五个家庭中就有一个安装中岛，主要用于工作或学习。出于同样的原因，94%配有中岛的厨房在装修时会考虑到中岛上方的新照明设备。
Light is definitely one of the big new entries in the latest kitchen trends. More and better seems to be the mantra, especially naturally light. Larger windows have made their appearance, and they’re being installed at countertop level for a seamless connection with the outside. The two years of pandemics and successive lockdown might account for this outdoors crave. It also seems that smart working and the forced indoor confinement during this period have acted as sort of time warp provoking a sudden step increase in the progression of certain trends.
在最新的厨房趋势中，光线无疑是一大主角。人们渴望获得更充足、更优质的光线，尤其是自然光。如今的窗户尺寸也越来越大，安装时将窗户底边与台面齐平，可无缝衔接室内与室外。人们之所以如此向往室外，可能要归咎于近两年的疫情和接连的封控。电器的智能化发展和疫情期间的强制居家政策，也从一定程度上加速了上述趋势。
But the latest frontier might be represented by noise, or rather “acoustics”. Large open spaces offer no barriers to the noises produced by appliances, hoods, the banging of pots and pans, people actively participating in conference calls or simply socialising and relaxing. Appliances are thus becoming quieter, and new materials are being employed to address the issue. Also, “broken-plan” solutions for noise abatement, found in the office sector, are now crossing over into the domestic market. And this is possibly not the last we hear about the evolution of the modern kitchen.
近来，厨房中的尖端研究领域要属噪音，或者说“声学”。在开放式大厨房中，电器、油烟机、锅碗瓢盆撞击、电话会议或闲聊产生的噪音毫无阻隔。因此，电器的降噪功能日益强大，并且还在引入新的降噪材料。此外，兴起于办公领域的“交错空间”降噪方案正走进家庭市场。不过，现代厨房的演变远没有走到尽头。
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